Learn About Private School Vouchers

For decades, parents had no choice when confronted with a failing public school. Their only option was to continue sending their children to a bad school or move to a neighborhood that had good schools. Vouchers are an attempt to redress that situation by channeling public funds into scholarships or vouchers so that children have the option of attending private school. Needless to say, voucher programs have caused much controversy.   School Vouchers School vouchers are essentially scholarships that  serve as payment for education at a private or parochial K-12 school when a family chooses not to attend the local public school. This type of program offers a certificate of government funding that parents can sometimes take advantage of if they opt to not attend the local public school.  Voucher programs often fall under the category of school choice programs. Not every state participates in a voucher program.   Lets go a little deeper and look at how the different types of schools are funded. Private schools are funded privately, as in, not by government funds. Private schools rely on tuition dollars and charitable giving from current families, alumni, faculty, trustees, past parents, and friends of the school.Public schools  are public educational institutions and are funded by taxes.Charter schools  get the best of both worlds and are operated as private institutions, but still receive public funding.   Thus, the Voucher Programs that exist essentially  offer parents the option to remove their children from failing public schools or public schools that cannot meet the needs of the student, and instead, enroll them in private schools. These programs take the form of vouchers or outright cash for private schools, tax credits, tax deductions and contributions to tax-deductible education accounts. Its important to note that private schools are not required to accept vouchers as a form of payment. And,  private schools are required to meet the minimum standards established by the government in order to be eligible to accept voucher recipients. Since private schools are not required to adhere to federal or state requirements for education, there may be inconsistencies that prohibit their ability to accept vouchers.   Where Funding for Vouchers Come From Funding for vouchers comes from both private and government sources. Government-funded voucher programs are considered  controversial by some for these main reasons. In the opinion of some critics, vouchers  raise the constitutional issues of separation of church and state when public funds are given to parochial and other religious schools. Theres also the concern that vouchers reduce the amount of money available to public school systems, many of which already struggle with adequate funding.For others, the challenge to public education goes to the core of another widely held belief: that every child is entitled to free education, regardless of where it takes place.   Many families support voucher programs, as it allows them to use tax dollars they pay for education but arent able to use otherwise if they elect to attend a school other than the local private school.   Voucher Programs in the US According to the American Federation for Children, there are 39 private school choice programs in the US, 14 voucher programs, and 18 scholarship tax credit programs, in addition to a few other options. School voucher programs continue to be controversial, but some states, like Maine and Vermont, have honored these programs for decades. The states that offer voucher programs are: ArkansasFloridaGeorgiaIndianaLouisianaMaineMarylandMississippiNorth CarolinaOhioOklahomaUtahVermontWisconsinWashington, D.C. In June 2016, articles appeared online about voucher programs. In North Carolina, a democratic attempt to cut private school vouchers failed, according to the Charlotte Observer. The article online dated June 3, 2016, reads: The vouchers, known as Opportunity Scholarships, would serve an additional 2,000 students per year starting in 2017 under the Senate budget. The budget also calls for the voucher program’s budget to increase by $10 million each year through 2027, when it would receive $145 million. There were also reports in June 2016 that 54% of Wisconsin voters support using state dollars to fund private school vouchers. An article in the Green Bay Press-Gazette reports, Among those polled,  54 percent support the statewide program, and 45 percent said they oppose vouchers. The survey also found 31 percent strongly support the program and 31 strongly oppose the program. Wisconsin adopted a statewide program in 2013. Naturally, not all reports tout the benefits of a voucher program. In fact, Brookings Institution released an article stating that recent research on voucher programs in Indiana and Louisiana found that those students who took advantage of vouchers to attend private school, rather than their local public schools, received lower scores than their public school peers.

The Weimar Republics Failure and Hitlers Gain of Power...

The Weimar Republics Failure and Hitlers Gain of Power in 1933 After the failure to win World War I, Germany was faced with a new government, the German people hoped that this government would set Germany on its way to recovery in terms of economically and as a country. The new government was set up in a small town outside Berlin; this is where the government took its name from. The Weimar republic was formed in 1918. The government only lasted 14 years, until it failed and the Nazi party took charge in 1933. I am going to examine why the government failed and consequently how Hitler gained power. A variety of reasons led to the failure of the Weimar Government. One of the reasons which led to†¦show more content†¦Between 1929 and 1932, production in Germany was almost halved, and unemployment levels rose to 6 million from 1 million in the summer of 1928. Germany was already struggling to cope with its economic difficulties, but the government lived in fear of a recurrence of 1923, so was afraid to spend extra money incase it led toe inflation. The production levels had dropped considerably so Germany could not export as many goods as before, as first they had to consider there own people. The economic depression led to the increase in support for the extremist parties such as the communists and the Nazi party. Figures show that in 1928, the Nazi party gained under 2 million votes in the Reichstag elections but in 1932 they gained 14 million. The Nazi party was founded in 1919, as the DAP, in 1920 they changed there name to the NSDAP, leading them to become known as the Nazis. In 1921 Hitler became leader of the party. The size of the party grew steadily until 1932 where the party increased from 300 000 to 800 000. A key point which led to the rise of the Nazi Party was their organisation. Hitler had been sentenced to 5 years imprisonment for his involvement in the Munich Putsch, in prison he thought about how to rearrange the party. When he was released heShow MoreRelatedFailures Of Adolf Hitler1616 Words   |  7 Pagesutmost power through both self-activation, and his ability to acclimate to the social conditions posed in Germany at this time. Hitler rose to sovereignty on the strength of his personality and vision, and through a tactic called coercive power. His followers swore allegiance to him and no one else. Adolf Hitler used the weakness of Germany’s socioeconomic status, resentment felt by most German inhabitants towards their governments’ choices and actions, and the incompetence of The Weimar GovernmentRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles During World War I2668 Words   |  11 Pagesthis payment. So clearly from the aftermath of the First World War, Germany became a bitter nation filled with hatred towards the Allies. However, there had to be an outlet for all this anger, which some historians argue was redirected towards the Weimar Republic. In result, this was a source of promulgation for the Nazi Party as the Germans were deviated towards extreme radical parties. The National Socialist Workers Party, also popularly known as The Nazi Party, was founded after the collapse ofRead MoreThe Role Of Nationalism As A Cause Of The Failure Of Democracy2966 Words   |  12 PagesAssess the importance of Nationalism as a cause of the failure of democracy in Germany in the period 1918-1934. Nationalism was an important and fundamental factor in the downfall of the Weimar Republic and in turn, the ensuring failure of democracy in Germany in the period of 1918-1934. Nationalism is a political and social philosophy that aims to emphasise the nation’s virtues above others. It is a principle of a nation’s demand to be more powerful and successful than any other. A sense ofRead More Failure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and Hitler’s Rise to Power2956 Words   |  12 PagesFailure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and Hitler’s Rise to Power German history is seen as a ‘painful issue for thousands of Germans and other Europeans’ . However it has interested many historians over the years into inquiring how and why Hitler came to power and how much of this was to do with the failure of parliamentary democracy in Germany. To fully ascertain to what extent these events have in common and what reasons led to the fall of democracy and rise of the Nazis, each haveRead More The Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Essay4611 Words   |  19 PagesThe Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Living in the crumbled remains of Germany, or the Weimar Republic, in the 1920’s was a dismal existence. Hyperinflation was rampant and the national debt skyrocketed as a result of the punishing features of the Treaty of Versailles. During the depression, however, a mysterious Austrian emerged from the depths of the German penal system and gave the desperate German people a glimpse of hope in very dark times. He called for a return to â€Å"Fatherland†Read MoreAdolf Hitler Essay 206213 Words   |  25 Pagesslaughter of millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others, all of whom he considered inferior. II EARLY YEARS Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary, in 1889, the fourth child of Klara and Alois Hitler. Hitlers father worked his way up in the Austrian customs service to a position of considerable status, and as a result Hitler had a comfortable childhood. Hitler began school in 1900, and his grades were above average. It was decided that he would attendRead MoreHistory HL Paper 3 Europe6131 Words   |  25 Pageseconomic situation, influence of the philosophers, and the American War of Independence. The monarchy was a victim, in that Louis was executed, and the revolution was at least partly responsible for the dauphin’s death. The monarchy’s former absolutist power was removed by legislation, and it was abolished in 1792 (but restored in 1814). However there were other victims, and some judgment should be given on â€Å"main†. The question is intended to provoke thought on the nature of both the monarchy and the revolution

Prototype free essay sample

This Is the theory of prototypes. As we saw In he preceding section, Individuals do have Ideas of typical Instances of colors, and these ideas are remarkably similar among vary-,us cultural groups. Such similarity in views, however, is found not only in reference to birds and colors.A variety of experiments has shown that people do in fact classify quite consistently objects of various kinds according to what they regard as being typical instances; for example, (1) furniture, so that, whereas a chair is a typical Item of furniture, an ashtray Is not; (2) fruit, so that, whereas apples and plums are typical, coconuts and olives are not; ND (3) clothing, so that, whereas coats and trousers are typical items, things like bracelets and purses are not (Clark and Clark, 1977, p. 464). The remarkably uniform behavior that people exhibit in such tasks cannot be accounted for by a theory which says that concepts are formed from sets of defining features. We will write a custom essay sample on Prototype or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such a theory fails to explain why some instances are consistently held to be more typical or central than others when all exhibit the same set of defining features. Hudson (1996, up. 75-8) believes that prototype theory has much to offer sociolinguists. He believes It leads to n easier account of how people learn to use language, particularly linguistic concepts, from the kinds of instances they come across.He says (p. 77) that: a prototype-based concept can be learned on the basis of a very small number of instances perhaps a single one and without any kind of formal definition, whereas a feature-based definition would be very much harder to learn since a much larger number of cases, plus a number of non-cases, would be needed before the learner could work out which features were necessary and which were not. Moreover, such a view allows for a more flexible approach to understanding how people actually use language.In that usage certain concepts are necessarily fuzzy, as the theory predicts they will be, but that very fuzziness allows speakers to use language creatively. According to Hudson, prototype theory may even be applied to the social situations in which speech occurs. He suggests that, when we hear a new linguistic item, we associate with it who typically seems to use it and what, apparently, is the typical occasion of its use. Again, we need very few instances even possibly just a single one to be able to do this.

Nursing Teaching Plan Get Complete Solution @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a teaching plan,about colostomy care and education. Answer: The study is based on a case study of a 16-year-old girl who had an accident and suffered abdominal injuries. An emergency surgery left her with a temporary colostomy and doctors warned that she may end up with a permanent colostomy. She had other injuries too and suffered from frustration due to her condition. Although her family is by her side, still she does not want to look at her colostomy and is worried about her studies. She is estimated to have the colostomy for several years before reversal. The purpose of this study is to teach Sandra and family about how to care for colostomy. Diagnosis or planning From the data about the medical report of Sandra, the immediate need is to give her information about how to care for her colostomy herself, providing knowledge about the dietary requirement and offering emotional and psychological support to such patients. The goal-directed diagnosis includes- Adjusting patient to changes and managing colostomy. Minimizing complications Teaching self-care to handle situations Giving information about the procedure of ostomy appliance change, therapeutic regimen and informing family members about the importance of providing emotional support (Stelton et al., 2015). Implementation A colostomy is a surgical procedure by which an opening is created in the abdominal walls to take out one end of the intestine. There are many risks for a patient like bleeding inside abdomen, development of a hernia, infection in the lungs, skin irritation, wound breaking, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to teach Sandra and her family how to take care of the condition. The following are the guidelines for self-care of ostomy: Teachings principle of ostomy care: The appliances need to be changed regularly. Skin cleansing needs to be done, and stoma or opening should be inspected properly. It maintains skin integrity around the stoma. The pouch needs to be emptied before it is one-third full. Deodorants should be used to prevent odor from the stoma. In a case of complications, enterostomy therapy nurse should be immediately contacted. Their service is required both before and after surgery. Before surgery, the nurse helps patient with the placement of stoma, assists patients to determine the best place for stoma so that clothing does not disturb stoma output. After surgery, the nurse teaches patients and family member how to change ostomy appliance. It requires time and practice. So they assist in appliance change for first few times and then teach patients how to do it themselves. They can give advice on leaking and teaching techniques in case of any problem (Okamura et al., 2013). Patients can be given information about health services available for ostomy to assist patients in the initial phase after surgery. The biophysical element of disturbed body image includes the presence of stoma and loss of control over bowel movement. The psychosocial element includes altered body structure. In such case support should be given, and patients should be encouraged to verbalize feelings about colostomy. It will help patients to deal with the condition (Doenges et al., 2014). Teaching dietary requirement and fluid intake: The patient should take well-balanced diet and vitamin supplements to meet the deficiency in nutrients. They should be taught avoid foods that reduce gas and constipation. This is crucial for patients with the colostomy. They should be encouraged to take a significant amount of fluid to prevent dehydration (Gulanick Myers, 2013). Giving resource for emotional and psychological support: Close family member of a patient should be encouraged to give emotional support and motivation for recovery. They can be recommended to take help of counseling sessions in case of extreme depression due to disease. They should be informed about support groups to for peer support and knowledge about colostomy. The patient should be encouraged to interact with patients with the ostomy. Such person can be a good support and role model for patients. The patient should be explained the reason for surgery. It will help the client to deal with the ostomy to prevent long-term ostomy if it is temporary (Endall et al., 2014). Evaluation Evaluation of above implementation plan can be assessed by patients and family members motivation to learn. It is monitored whether patients perception and attitude towards the colostomy has changed or not after implementation plan. The measurement of self-care can be checked by assessing whether the patient can use stoma appliance herself or not. After the emotional support by way of counseling and family support, patients mental frame of mind can be assessed by taking feedbacks from the about the treatment process. In the end, an overall report can be documented orally or in written form explaining the benefits of diagnosis and implementation plan on patients (Danielsen et al., 2013). Reference Danielsen, A. K., Burcharth, J., Rosenberg, J. (2013). Patient education has a positive effect in patients with a stoma: a systematic review.Colorectal Disease,15(6), e276-e283. Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., Murr, A. C. (2014).Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. FA Davis. Endall, G., Willis, H., Ugboma, D., Sampson, A., Bostock, K., Lewis, R. (2014). An integrated care pathway for peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion and post insertion management.BMC Public Health. Gulanick, M., Myers, J. L. (2013).Nursing care plans: nursing diagnosis and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Okamura, K., Nojiri, Y., Tanaka, Y., Nagae, H., Arai, Y., Matsuda, T., ... Hasegawa, T. (2013). Changes in perioperative management of radical prostatectomy using clinical pathways according to a standardized care plan: A multi institutional study.International Journal of Urology,20(3), 337-343. Stelton, S., Zulkowski, K., Ayello, E. A. (2015). Practice Implications for Peristomal Skin Assessment and Care from the 2014 World Council of Enterostomal Therapists International Ostomy Guideline.Advances in skin wound care,28(6), 275-284.

Health And Nutrition Essay Research Paper Health free essay sample

Health And Nutrition Essay, Research Paper Health and Fitness By Student Name Table of Contentss Health A Balanced Diet Dietary advice for all types of jocks is the same as for the general populace. That is, eat a well-balanced diet from a broad assortment of nutrients in sufficient sums to run into energy demands. Experts agree the key to healthy feeding is the tried advice of balance, assortment and moderateness. In short, that means eating a broad assortment of nutrients without acquiring excessively many Calories or excessively much of any one food. Because people need more than 40 different foods daily for good wellness, it is of import to eat a assortment of nutrients. No individual nutrient supplies them all. Diets that include a broad assortment of nutrients non merely harvest the nutritionary benefits, but may besides assist forestall disease and accordingly unrecorded thirster. Recent surveies have found that people who ate broad assortments of nutrients had a lower hazard of premature decease than those who ate the same nutrient twelvemonth after twelvemonth. We will write a custom essay sample on Health And Nutrition Essay Research Paper Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Your day-to-day nutrient choice should include staff of life and other whole-grain merchandises ; fruits ; veggies ; dairy merchandises ; and meat, domestic fowl, fish and other protein nutrients. How much you should eat depends on your Calorie demands. Nutrition experts like the American Dietetic Association recommend that we eat a diet low in fat and high in complex saccharides. Complex saccharides are nutrients such as pasta, rice, murphies, and staff of lifes. By and large, dieticians suggest that we consume no more than 30 per centum to 35 per centum of our Calories as fat, at least 55 per centum as saccharides, and the balance as protein. The Food Guide Pyramid shown below is a practical tool to assist you do nutrient picks that are consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Using the Pyramid enables you to eat a assortment of nutrients daily so that you can acquire the foods you need. The footing of a healthful diet as shown in the Pyramid is nutrients from the grain merchandises group, along with veggies and fruits. Limit fats and sugars added in nutrient readying and at the tabular array. Controling Fat in Your Diet All fats are a combination of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Each of these types of fats has different effects on the organic structure, but all contain nine Calories per gm. Fat is an indispensable food that everyone needs to remain healthy. It is a valuable energy beginning and carries fat-soluble vitamins needed for proper growing and development. It besides contributes of import gustatory sensation and textural qualities that are portion of basking nutrient. Excessively much fat, nevertheless, can increase the hazard of bosom disease, fleshiness and other wellness jobs. Surveies have shown that diets that are excessively high in certain concentrated fatty acids and dietetic cholesterin can raise blood cholesterin. Health governments recommend Americans consume 30 per centum or less of their entire day-to-day Calories from fat, with 10 per centum or less of those Calories from saturated fat. The 30 per centum fat ingestion refers to your entire fat consumption over clip, non individual nutrients or repasts. Mention to the tabular array below as a usher to the sum of fat in gms to include in your day-to-day diet. Kilogram calories Total Fat Total Saturated Fat 1,600 53 or less 18 or less 2,000 65 or less 20 or less 2,200 73 or less 24 or less 2,500 80 or less 25 or less Remember that it # 8217 ; s the entire fat consumption over clip that # 8217 ; s of import. A nutrient high in fat can be portion of a healthy diet every bit long as it # 8217 ; s balanced with other lower-fat nutrient picks. Use the Nutrition labels on nutrient merchandises as a farther usher to choose nutrients suitably. Achieving a Healthy Weight Excess organic structure fat additions your opportunities for high blood force per unit area, bosom disease, shot, diabetes, some types of malignant neoplastic disease and other unwellnesss. But being excessively thin can increase your hazard for osteoporosis, catamenial abnormalities and other wellness jobs. The best manner to command organic structure fat is by proper nutrition and regular exercising. Start by ciphering how many Calories your organic structure demands based on your current weight and activity degree. The weight that # 8217 ; s right for you depends on many factors including your sex, tallness, age and heredity. Body composing consists of thin organic structure mass ( LBM ) and fat. Thin organic structure mass, besides called frame size, is made up of musculuss, bone, critical tissue and variety meats. A individual # 8217 ; s ideal organic structure weight is determined by their frame size. A individual with big castanetss and musculuss would hold a heavier ideal weight so a individual of the same tallness with little castanetss and musculuss. An optimum ratio of fat to tilt mass is an indicant of fittingness. Ideally, a adult male should be about 15 % fat and a adult female 22 % . The ideal weight for a individual alterations as their thin organic structure mass alterations. The right types of exercisings will assist you diminish organic structure fat and increase or keep musculus mass. Bettering Your Eating Habits To better your eating wonts, you foremost have to cognize what # 8217 ; s incorrect with them. Write down everything you eat for three yearss. Then analyse your diet to see where you are eating nutrients that are high in fat and Calories. Compare what you normally eat to the recommended figure of helpings and do alterations to your diet that are consistent with healthy feeding. If your favourite nutrients are high in fat, salt or sugar, Don # 8217 ; t extinguish them. Alternatively, chair how much of these nutrients you eat and how frequently you eat them. If you keep part sizes sensible, it # 8217 ; s easier to eat the nutrients you want and remain healthy. It has been found that adhering to a stiff diet program can be excessively restrictive and can put you up for failure. This is because the rate at which your organic structure burns Calories slows by about 15 % on stiff weight-loss programs, doing it even more hard and frustrating. When eating # 8220 ; forbidden # 8221 ; nutrients that are high in fat or Calories, select other nutrients that are low in these ingredients during the twenty-four hours. Your nutrient picks over several yearss should suit together into a healthy form. Using this scheme, you won # 8217 ; t experience deprived of the nutrients you enjoy. It is besides of import non to jump repasts. This is non merely because people tend to gorge at the undermentioned repast, but besides tend to eat nutrients that are non healthy. Noshing between repasts to assist kerb hungriness is besides helpful every bit long as the bites are healthy and a sensible size. Bettering Ho tungsten you eat takes clip. Don’t make drastic alterations to your eating wonts all at one time as this can do you to acquire discouraged. Alternatively, do little alterations bit by bit that will take to positive, womb-to-tomb alterations in eating wonts. Fitness Exercise and Weight Loss The key to burden control is maintaining energy consumption ( nutrient ) and energy end product ( physical activity ) in balance. When you consume merely every bit many Calories as your organic structure demands, your weight will normally stay changeless. If you take in more Calories than your organic structure demands, you will set on extra fat. If you expend more energy than you take in, you will fire extra fat. Exercise plays an of import function in weight control by increasing energy end product, naming on stored Calories for excess fuel. Recent surveies show that non merely does exert increase metamorphosis during a exercise, but it causes your metamorphosis to remain increased for a period of clip after exerting, leting you to fire more Calories. There are two basic signifiers of exercising: anaerobic and aerobic. When Should You Exert? Among the factors you should see in developing your exercise agenda are personal penchant, occupation and household duties, handiness of exercising installations, and conditions. It # 8217 ; s of import to schedule your exercises for a clip when there is small opportunity that you will hold to call off or disrupt them because of other demands on your clip. The two most popular times to exercise are the hr merely before the eventide repast and early forenoon before the working day begins. The late afternoon exercise provides a welcome alteration of gait at the terminal of the working day and helps fade out the twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s concerns and tensenesss. Advocates of the early start say it makes them more watchful and energetic on the occupation. Anaerobic Exercise Anaerobic activity is short in continuance ( 0 to 2 proceedingss ) and high in strength. Anaerobic activities include activities such as racquetball, downhill skiing, weight lifting, sprinting, playground ball, association football and football. This type of exercising requires immediate energy to be supplied by blood glucose and musculus animal starch, and focuses more on increasing musculus mass and edifice power. Anaerobic exercising is really of import in bettering strength to execute day-to-day activities and train for featuring events. # 8220 ; As you build musculus and acquire stronger, ordinary activities require less attempt, go forthing you with more nothing all twenty-four hours long. # 8221 ; Additionally anaerobic activity additions your metabolic rate for several hours after exerting, every bit good as your resting metabolic rate. The quickening of the metabolic rate may do it easier to cast unwanted weight. Aerobic Exercise In the strictest sense, moderate-intensity activities that can be sustained for more than 2 proceedingss are called aerophilic exercising. More normally, aerophilic exercising is defined as utilizing the same big musculus group, rhythmically, for a period of 15 to 20 proceedingss or longer while keeping 60-80 % of your maximal bosom rate. Examples of aerophilic activities include cross-country skiing, bicycling rowing, jogging or walking. Aerobic exercising is extremely effectual in bettering the cardiovascular system because it conditions the bosom and lungs by increasing the O available to the organic structure and by enabling the bosom to utilize O more expeditiously. Other benefits include: H Reduction in organic structure fat. H Increased energy and general staying power H Toned musculuss and increased thin organic structure mass. H Reduced tenseness, depression, and anxiousness H Sleep better. Exercise Intensity The strength and the continuance of an aerophilic exercise are the two of import factors. The best manner to mensurate the strength is to look into your bosom rate. # 8220 ; Surveies have shown that for the greatest cardiovascular betterment and most efficient fat combustion, exercising should fall in the scope at which the bosom beats between 65 per centum and 80 per centum of its maximum. # 8221 ; Calculating Your Target Heart Rate To cipher your mark bosom rate, first deduct your age from 220 to happen your maximal bosom rate. For illustration, the maximal bosom rate for a 30 twelvemonth old individual is 190 ( 220 # 8211 ; 30 = 190 ) . Then to cipher the low terminal of the strength scope multiply this value times 65 % . To cipher the high terminal multiplying it times 85 % . This is your target bosom rate scope. So the mark bosom rate scope for a individual that is 30 old ages old is 124 ( 65 * 190 = 123.5 ) to 162 ( .85 * 190 = 161.5 ) . Exercise Duration and Frequency By and large, the continuance recommended scopes from 12 to 60 proceedingss. During the first 20 proceedingss, a combination of the assorted types of energy # 8211 ; sugar, saccharides and fats are burned. At about 20 proceedingss the fat-burning stage begins. # 8220 ; An ideal plan for weight loss is to exert at an strength of 70-80 % of the maximal bosom rate for 30 to 60 proceedingss, 4 to 5 times a week. # 8221 ; When foremost get downing an aerophilic exercising plan you want to exert at the low terminal of your mark bosom rate, at 60 % , and for a shorter continuance. Then as your organic structure adjusts, increase bit by bit to the high terminal, at 85 % to 90 % and increase the continuance. After you have exercised for approximately 5 proceedingss, look into your bosom rate by taking your pulsation. You can take it for 10 seconds and multiply times 6 or 15 seconds and multiply times 4 to find the beats per minute. If you are excessively low, you can increase your gait, exchange to a lower cogwheel while cycling, or swim faster. If it # 8217 ; s excessively high, decelerate down. You could besides utilize a bosom rate proctor to look into your pulsation automatically for you. Many exercising machines include bosom rate proctors to do it easier for you to keep your strength degree. The 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the footing of the federal authorities # 8217 ; s nutrition-related plans, include physical activity counsel to keep and better weight # 8211 ; 30 proceedingss or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on all, or most, yearss of the hebdomad. Recent recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine emphasis 30 proceedingss or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most and sooner all yearss of the hebdomad. And if you have a difficult clip puting aside 30 proceedingss all at one clip every twenty-four hours, the new guidelines recommend shorter turns of 8 to 10 proceedingss numbering the minimal 30 proceedingss on most yearss. 330

6 steps on the path to finding your purpose

6 steps on the path to finding your purpose In his commencement speech to the graduating class at Harvard University this past May, Facebook Founder Mark Zuckerberg spoke about the need for purpose. He told graduating seniors, â€Å"Purpose is that sense that we are part of something bigger than ourselves, that we are needed, that we have something better ahead to work for. Purpose is what creates true happiness†¦But it’s not enough to have purpose yourself. You have to create a sense of purpose for others.† Then he went on to describe how his purpose, creating the site that would become Facebook, wasn’t just a way for him to connect to other students- it was a way to connect the entire world. To find your purpose and find meaning in your career, it’s not enough to do stuff that you like or that is important to you. The deeper meaning of purpose, the thing that makes it all worthwhile, is more than just helping yourself thrive and succeed. The most successful and fulfilled people make life easi er or better- for everyone. Bottom line: personal success doesn’t matter that much.If you’re having trouble identifying your purpose, try some of these useful tips.1. Don’t overthink it- just take action.The less you dither and weigh your options and the more you just take big leaps out into the world, the better off you’ll be. Start actually taking steps toward your goals, rather than just daydreaming about doing so. You’ll get out of your own way and come to find out faster what is and isn’t working, and what does and doesn’t matter to you in your life’s pursuit. Action and experience = results.2. Listen to your heart.You know that pesky voice deep within that keeps shouting â€Å"This is what I want to do when I grow up!†? Listen to it. Your heart is both your conscience and your best barometer for what you really want. Let it motivate you to push yourself and explore your opportunities and options.3. Let go of  "The One.†Just like you might fall in love with more than one person over the course of your life, realize that you might fall in love with more than one job, or industry, or career. Be open to things changing and evolving. Focus on doing meaningful things that get you closer to your goals, but be flexible enough to realize when old goals no longer serve who you are and who you want to be.4. Make a vision board.Create something visible that you can refer to when your inspiration needs a boost. Put up aspirational images- ideals of where you want to land in the next few years. What does your life look like when you surround yourself with images that are most attractive to you? Let yourself be free to chose what you are drawn to, then look at it periodically for patterns. You’ll be amazed when themes begin to make themselves clear.5. Study yourself like a subject.What are your hobbies? What can’t you wait to get through your daily tasks to do in your free time? Wha t do you post most about on social media? Observe yourself from an outside perspective and see what you can discern.6. Research what you love.Finding your purpose is more than just figuring out what you are drawn to. You have to learn everything you can about those things. Become an expert. Make sure you know the ins and outs well enough to know whether you could be truly happy spending so many hours of your life and precious energy devoted to that path.The sooner you understand what drives you, the sooner you can orchestrate your life to work toward it. Then, when you pour your energy into that one thing you were made to do, you can use it to help and inspire everyone around you.

Measurement system in engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measurement system in engineering - Essay Example These were, at best, crude devices which gives a â€Å"feel† of the magnitude of the physical quantity. They do not provide accurate measurements and therefore cannot be recorded and kept for future reference. To overcome this, a new type of device was created. This is called transducer. These transducers are used to convert mechanical quantities into electrical signals which can be recorded. Measurement systems started gaining prominence in engineering and a new genre called â€Å"instrumentation† engineering was born. This is done using Strain gauges. Strain gauges are constructed with materials whose electrical resistance value changes when force is applied on them. The variation in resistance is directly proportional to the force applied. The variation in resistance can be measured using a wheatstone bridge or a simple voltmeter-ammeter method. The basic strain gauge is used in the industry in weighing scales, weighing systems etc. Different variations of the same are also used in measuring tension in a material (like paper, steel strip etc) as tension is also essentially force. A variation of the same can also be used to measure â€Å"torque† - which is the angular force i.e force x distance. There are several ways of measuring pressure. The cruder ways of measuring pressure using manometers or bourdon tubes have now been replaced by more sophisticated measurement techniques. The most common way to measure pressure of a flowing liquid is to use a venturi. As the liquid passes through a â€Å"venturi†, the velocity of the liquid increases and the corresponding pressure decreases known as â€Å"Bernoullis Equation† (â€Å"FlowMax engineering,†n.d.) This principle is used to measure the pressure. As a derivative of the same, the venturi meter can be used to measure â€Å"flow† of the liquid as well – since â€Å"flow† is proportional to square root of the pressure drop. An electronic circuit to generate the

Criminal Procedures - Week 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Procedures - Week 2 - Assignment Example ause means reasonably reliable information to suspect there is a reasonable probability that a person has carried out a crime, or that a search will lead to evidence (Lerner, 2002). Officer Smith had a sensible suspicion that was in light of the totality of the circumstances as explained by those versed in the field of law requirement. It is usually portrayed as something more than a hunch yet not as much as reasonable justification. The answer to this question is yes; Officer Smith did have sensible suspicion to make the initial stop of the vehicle. Since the taillight seemed, by all accounts, to break against which is a traffic law violation. Additionally, Officer Smith recalled a vehicle that matched the general depiction of the car that she stopped. This car resembles the vehicle that had suspicion in a recent roadside killing of another police officer. An officer may order a motorist to step out of a car to ensure the officer’s safety. The police officer may carry out a pat-down search to ensure there are no weapons. The â€Å"pat-down† is a snappy hunt of a person’s being to determine if any weapons are present (Carlos, 2010). An officer may perform a quest for weapons without a warrant even without reasonable justification when the officer sensibly accepts that the individual may armed or dangerous. Officer Smith’s pat-down was legal because it was necessary to ensure her safety considering that the officer had enough background to think that the person had involvement in the armed crime. Officer Smith conducted a pat-down that obliges a sensible suspicion the suspect has the equipment. Since the general depiction of the vehicle that murdered another officer fit, the same vehicle Officer Smith pulled over she had the right to pat-down the driver for his safety. Critical elements can have a definition as an especially pressing or urgent law enforcement need and a convincing requirement for authority activity and no time to secure a warrant (Carlos,

U.S. One China Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

U.S. One China Policy - Essay Example Before focusing on the one-China policy, it is important to discuss first the history of relations between Taiwan and the PRC. Prior to the 17th century, aborigines from Taiwan mainly inhabited the Island of Taiwan. However, with the successive waves of migration by the Han Chinese, the demographics of the island started to change. In 1662, Taiwan was brought under Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong’s control, prior to incorporation in 1683 into part of the Qing Dynasty (Tunsjà ¸ 92). The Dutch also briefly colonized Taiwan between 1624 and 1662, while the Spanish ruled Northern Taiwan between 1626 and 1642. Between 1895 and 1945, Taiwan was under colonial rule from the Japanese with the French also briefly ruling Northern Taiwan between 1884 and 1885. Under the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan existed as a prefecture of the province of Fuji as part of the Chinese government from 1683 up to 1887. In 1887, Taiwan became a separate province of China. It remained a province of China until 1895 a t which point the Treaty of Shimonoseki ceded authority over Taiwan to the Japanese (Tunsjà ¸ 92).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After Japan had surrendered in Taipei in 1945, The Republic of China took over the role of governing polity in Taiwan under the KMT in a period that was characterized as a military occupation. However, the government of the Republic of China lost control in 1949 over the Chinese mainland after the Civil War on the mainland (Tunsjà ¸ 93)o 93). Since this was prior to the implementation of treaties made after the Second World War, the KMT withdrew to Taiwan that was still technically a territory of the Japanese. This exiled government under Chiang Kai-shek took over authority of Taiwan and avowed the Island was under martial law. After the renunciation of rights to Taiwanese territory through a peace treaty signed in San Francisco by the Japanese, Taiwan’s sovereignty was put under question. Neither the Treaty of San Francisco nor the Japanese-Chinese treaty dealt with the issue of Taiwan’s territorial sovereignty and its awar d to the KMT representing the Republic of China (Tunsjo 94). The governing body of the Republic of China is still the government in Taiwan with a transformation in the 90s towards democracy as the government lifted the martial law it had imposed in 1949. Since then, the political and legal status bequeathed on Taiwan has become an issue of contention and controversy with sentiments of Taiwan’s independence become more public and gaining some level of international support. At this point, it becomes important to discuss the role of the US in PRC-ROC relations, especially given that Taiwan is the second highest buyer of American made products after Canada. With the tensions between the PRC and the ROC, the United States has had to come up with a policy that allows it to continue relations with both territories. The one-China policy in the United State’s case was initially drafted in 1972 through the Shanghai Communique

Allisons Foreign Policy Models

Allisons Foreign Policy Models Graham Allisons Essence of Decision offered alternative conceptual models on foreign policy decision making and a specific discussion on the Cuban missile crisis; and has been one of the influential book in history of foreign policy analysis. It gives a significant contribution to political science study, as it has been heavily cited in most international relations textbook and also discussed by foreign policy analysts. However, despite the models strong influence in foreign policy study, it has been heavily criticised by foreign policy analysts about its utility and value in decision making analysis. Number of criticism has risen regarding Allisons conceptual framework, ranging from its originality until the problem of evidences that have been used by Allison in explaining the Cuban Missile Crises. Cornford and Horelick, for example, argue that Allisons model is not wholly original work, rather than it is developed from previous study. Moreover, another group of criticism have questioned the account of the Cuban Missile Crises that explained by Allison. Despite these two criticisms, there are number of criticism that will be discussed in the following section. By looking at number of criticism about Allisons model, there is a big question about the usefulness of the model in foreign policy decision making process analysis. This essay aims to evaluate the utility of Allisons conceptual policy in foreign policy decision making. This essay will also critically discuss each of the three models by looking from some perspectives. Moreover, taking into account that this essay relies on Allisons Essence of Decision, this essay will also look at the decision making process regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis. Allisons Conceptual Framework Model I: The Rational Actor (RAM) Model I is the basic yet critical conceptual framework that mostly utilized in foreign policy decision making analysis. RAM is the best model in explaining and predicting of an individual behaviour, as well as purpose generalization in states action. The model reduces the organizational and governmental political complications by looking at government as unified actor.  [1]  Thus, a complete-informed government -regarded as black box- will process information to optimize rational action. The internal structure within decision making process will calculate theà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬pros and cons, and afterward, rank all the options by their chance to succeed.  [2]   Its feature of being simple and easy to utilize, RAM could be useful when a state has limited or even no available information about the enemy. Moreover, RAM which stresses on interaction among states, will immediately produce prudent decision after considering the pro and con. Therefore, since it does not require much information to analyse a case, RAM would be very suitable in a crisis situation. Its simplicity in analysing a case makes RAM one of the popular methods in foreign policy decision making process. On the other side, some foreign policy analysts argue that in the real foreign policy formation, number of external and individual interest factor will eventually impact the policy making process. Moreover, RAM tends to ignore a large state with complex bureaucratic nature that has various kinds of departments with their own different political and ideological perspectives.  [3]  Therefore, along with the argument that intra-national factors are very importantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦yet critical when one is concerned with planning policy, Allison has proposed so-called, Bureaucratic Politics Model.  [4]   Model II: Organizational Process Difficulties will arise when the cases that are going to be examined is not the behaviour of an individual or a state with simple bureaucracy model, but the behaviour of one organization or government with a complex structure inside. Therefore, Allison provides two alternative conceptual frameworks that will open up the black box to evaluate internal structure inside the government, which is later known as Model II and Model III. Model II or Organizational Process Model focuses on the existing organization and their standard operating procedures (SOP) for gaining information, defining possible option and implementing programme.  [5]  Each organization has its own mission and function and series of program are developed to carry out those missions. In defining feasible option, Model II is restricted based on SOP that they believe, will enhance performance and efficiency. Moreover, Model II is not optimizing rational actor, as model I does, but rather, it is satisfying decision making actors. Its account that foreign policy outcomes are derive from bureaucratic programs, routines and SOP, produces some advantages. It emphasizes the importance of domestic political influences in foreign policy decision making process that sometimes missed out in RAM. Therefore, model II reminds the analysts that the policy was formed not only by a high level decision-maker, but sometimes it is formed by organization.  [6]   Nevertheless, a set of criticism has arisen in the utility of model II. Its emphasis on organisational culture may ill-serve higher level officials and finally can lead to impair the analysts understanding of organizations and their behaviour.  [7]  Even though this kind of problem does not occur for most of the time, but we can take it as a consideration of the effectiveness of the model II. Model III: Governmental Politics Governmental politics or government bargaining model focuses on key individual decision makers with their great influence in deciding on organizational action. Moreover, the model assumes that decision makers have different perceptions, priorities, commitments and also organizational positions (where you stand depends on where you sit).  [8]  Therefore, model III assumes that governmental actions are the result of a political bargaining process among key players. Furthermore, bargaining and negotiation processes will result in satisfying rather than optimizing decision making result. It obviously explained because personal ambition of key actor may diverge from public policy position and may lead to personal power considerations when making decision.  [9]   Between Allisons three conceptual frameworks, model III adds important detail about domestic politics that obviously, cannot be found in model I. In addition, model III does not only explain the roles of key individuals, but it also explains why sometimes individuals are working at contrary purposes to the interest of the government as a whole. Lastly, model III gives us explanation why policy sometimes appears to be irrational if we look it from a unitary government perspective. Nevertheless, model III also received many critics, especially on the complexity of the model. It is focus on individual key actor that makes it difficult to study and analyse. Moreover, it requires too many variables, some variable are unknown and it is hard to apply for other countries with unclear bureaucratic politics inside. Criticism toward Allisons conceptual framework Allisons conceptual framework has been attacked by number of criticism, varying from the originality of the model, different interpretation of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the US political system, and also methodological criticism. As Stephen D. Krasner has argued that Allisons model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is misleading, dangerous, and compelling.  [10]  Therefore, in this section, number of criticism of Allisons model will be critically discussed and assessed. Some foreign policy analysts, such as, Cornford, Horelick, Ball and Art have claimed that Allison did not present a completely brand new approach to analysing foreign policy process; but rather it just development from previous theories. Cornford has claimed that organisational process mode is previously done by writers such as, Simon, March and Simon, Cyert and March.  [11]  Furthermore, Cornford has claimed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Model IIIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is pure Neustadt.  [12]  Horelick et al. supported Cornfords argument by suggesting that the bureaucratic model is closely related to previous work done by Kremlinologists.  [13]  Ball and Art also mentioned names of analyst that originally make the bureaucratic policy model, such as Huntington, Hilsman, Schilling, and Neustadt.  [14]   Nevertheless, Allison has dedicated a section in his book to acknowledge previous scholars that become his foundation in developing his methods. He is fully aware that he utilized and developed earlier scholars work as he mentioned in his book, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this encourages much repackaging of existing theoriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [15]  Therefore, he identifies a group of writers such as March and Simon, Barnard, Cyert and Simon and so on for foundation of model II.  [16]  Furthermore, Allison also acknowledged his intellectual debt to previous scholars that related to model III paradigm, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦model III variety have attracted increasing attention since 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the publication of Presidential Power by Richard E. Neustadt.  [17]  Moreover, Bernstein has argued that the model is a helful summary of earlier decision making research to present a practical mode of analysis and guide to understand business and organizational decision.  [18]  Hence, we coul d argue that Allisons originality does not claim the originality of development of the model. The originality does not lie in his model, but rather in his approach to apply his models consistently to one particular case study, the Cuban Missile Crisis.  [19]   Another criticism can be seen from methodological perspective; numbers of similarities between model II and model III have shaped ambiguity between those two models. In many occasions, some foreign analysts will combine model II and model III to analyse a case study, including Allison himself. In his article with Halperin, Allison combines those two models and become one major model the bureaucratic politics paradigm- as an alternative model to RAM.  [20]  As Cornford argues that the three models is not totally incommensurable model to analyse foreign policy making process.  [21]  Therefore, even though Allison distinguishes three kinds of model in foreign policy analysis, those models is not easily separable in their actual application. In bureaucratic politics model, decision is not arise from one unitary actor, but through some bargaining between organisation structures with their own agenda. Model II and model III have identical characteristics that enable them to be grouped as bureaucratic politics model. The two models are similar in a sense that both models focus on departments and organizations inside the decision maker; however, it is slightly different, in a sense that, if model II will reach a decision through Standard Operation Program, model III will make a decision through bargaining between various players within government. Despite the insignificant difference between those models, they are usually combined as the bureaucratic politics model.  [22]   However, Caldwell has raised bureaucratic politics models major problem regarding the use of evidence and data. The model requires detailed data that hardly available in term of quantity and quality. In addition, Caldwell argued that there is huge possibility for analyst to imposing the model on the evidence rather than testing the model against it. Therefore, bureaucratic politics model has significant problem in analysing the data and evidence, since previous empirical problems show that data was made to fit the model.  [23]   Allisons alternative model has also been argued that it eliminated decision-makers responsibility toward the policy. The strong criticism has risen from Steel and Krasner, which argued that no one, even the President, holds responsibility of the policy as the outcome from bargaining process among bureaucratic groups. As Steel argued that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦where everyone is responsible for a decision, no one is responsible.  [24]  The same argument also comes from Krusnet who argued that bureaucratic politic eliminates the importance of election: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Elections are a farce not because the people suffer from false consciousness, but because public officials are impotent, enmeshed in a bureaucracy so large that the actions of government are not responsive to their will.  [25]  In contrast, Smith argues that criticism regarding the elimination of bureaucrats responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is only valid to the extent to which the President is unable to get his wishes carrie d out.  [26]  In some cases, the President still has the power and responsibility in deciding the final decision and for most of the cases, the President will be the one who chose the key group of decision maker. Therefore, even though Allisons model can be an excuse for bureaucrats, we can argue that the criticism from Steel and Kranser is not applicable for all cases and need to be modified. Furthermore, following previous criticism, there is criticism about Allisons model utility to other countries. Even though Allison clearly points out his intention to present two additional frameworks to other countries foreign policy analysis (not only limited to the US and Soviet Unions policy making)  [27]  , a group of writers has argued the inability of the model to analyse foreign policy behaviour in other countries, to be precise, un-industrialized countries. As Hill has noted that there is a growing consensusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦over the inapplicability of the insights of Allison, et al. to foreign policy-making inside less modernised states.  [28]  Migdal has also argued that the model cannot be applied to the countries that do not have stability of organizational structure, routine, and even bargaining process.  [29]  Moreover, Brenner also argues that Allisons model is not a universal model and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦more distinctive in the United States than elsewhere.  [ 30]  Despite all criticisms regarding its utility to other countries, Weil has proved, in fact, the model could be utilised in the North Vietnamese foreign policy analysis; as he has noted that examining North Vietnamese foreign policy decision making from a governmental politics perspective complements understanding gained from a rational actor analysis.  [31]   Nevertheless, some analysts have argued that the model is not even applicable to the Soviet Union, although the Soviet Union foreign policy has been heavily discussed in Essence of Decision. It is not only because the model requires more specific information than is available, but also as Dawisha has noted that the bureaucracy in some countries (e.g. the Soviet Union) is fundamentally different from its position in the United States because the persistent influence of the Communist Party.  [32]  Therefore, there is a doubt about the utility of Allisons model in other countries, as Wagner has pointed out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the extension of Allisons model III to other countries may be a less straightforward enterprise than he implies.  [33]   Case Study: Singapores Defence Posture Change In the early 1980s, Singapore announced a major important change in its defence policy, from a defensively deterrent strategy (poisonous shrimp) to a more actively deterrent strategy (known as the porcupine). In an article done by Pak Shun Ng, he applies Allisons model to analyse Singapores domestic decision making process. Pak Shun Ng treats Singapore as unitary rational actor to utilizing model I (RAM); the military organisations as the unit of analysis for model II; lastly, the military and political party leadership (including senior military leaders and civilian leaders of Singapores ruling party, the Peoples Action Party (PAP)) as units of analysis for model III.  [34]  The article argues that model II and model III provide the most reasonable explanation of the change in Singapores defence position in the 1980s; while model I has failed to fully explain the change in its defence posture from a poisonous shrimp to a porcupine. Model II first reveals the appropriate developm ent of both Singapores military capability and military planning ability. Furthermore, model III then proves details how the Singapore Armed Force (SAF) could announce the change convincingly to improve its stature among Singaporeans and foreigners by persuasive them that Singapore has appropriate capability to defend and survive any potential threat.  [35]  Even though the article heavily honours the utility of Allisons model, but it still proposes modification of the models in order to be able to analyse a decision making process in a small and non-western states under absence of crisis condition. Pak Shun Ng has argued Allisons assumption that policy is the outcome of bargaining process is not applicable policy making in reality. In fact, decision makers do not automatically have different missions.  [36]  Therefore he argued that political bargaining model assumptions are too restrictive to explain real-life government decisions sufficiently, they should be relaxed so as to increase the explanatory power of the model.  [37]  Furthermore, the case study of Singapores policy making shows the evidence of model II and III complete each other and make one alternative model against RAM. Therefore, it supports the criticism that previously discussed that Allisons models, especially model II and III, have strong similarities and hardly separate. Conclusion The essay has discussed Allisons conceptual frameworks, by looking at each model and its pros and cons. Moreover, a number of major criticisms about the utility of Allisons model have also discussed and critically assessed. The first criticism is regarding the originality of the model, which has been criticised that, in fact, Allison did not bring anything new to the table; instead the models are just developed from earlier scholarship. However, we can argue that the originality of Allison model does not lie in the formulation of the models, but at the consistency in applying the model to one case study, the Cuban Missile Crisis. Hence, the fact that it focus on Cuban Crisis has leaded us to the following criticism, the flexibility of the model to be utilized to other countries. Some foreign policy analyst have argued that Allisons conceptual framework is not applicable to other country that is not industrialized enough to have a complex bureaucratic politics, like the United States. A group of analyst also argued that the model actually is not applicable for country with strong influence of communist party, namely the Soviet Union, even though it is heavily discussed in Essence of Decision. Another criticism also attacked the relationship between Allisons model, especially model II and model III. There is an argument that model II and model III are hardly separated from each other, and in some cases, they are combined into one major model, the bureaucratic politics model. Moreover, problem arose from the model about the availability of the data. The bureaucratic politics model requires specific data and evidence that hardly available. The model has also been argued to eliminate responsibility of top level bureaucrats in policy making. However, we can argue that in some cases, the President will be the one who holds the final decision and responsibility toward the outcome (policy). In the final section of the essay, there is a case study about Singapores policy change in early 1980s. By looking at the case study, we can conclude that after some modification, we can apply Allisons model to small and non-western countries like Singapore. Moreover, after Ng modified the model to be more applicable to non-western countries, he argued that model II and model III give better explanation on the policy change, rather than model I. However, from the case study we can also point out that model II and model III are completed each other and hardly separated. This essay has discussed some general criticisms, aside from specific criticism about its utility on Cuban Missile Crisis. Even though its a complex model and has been heavily criticized by some analyst, Allison has successfully provided fresh yet provocative alternative conceptual frameworks in decision making process. Allison does not intend to supplant any previous model, rather just provide a supplement framework in decision making study. Furthermore, in his book, Allison strongly emphasized that the model itself is unfinished; therefore he encourages foreign policy analysts as well as the reader to join and carry on the discussion about the model. Moreover, even though it cannot be fully utilized in all states, as case study of Singapore has shown, with small modification, the model can be utilized and proved to give better explanation than RAM.

ku klux klan :: essays research papers

Ku Klux Klan Prejudice comes in many forms. Two such forms of extreme prejudice are the Salem witch-hunts and the Ku Klux Klan. In the colonial time, from 1700 to 1775, the Salem witch-hunts took place. The KKK originated after the civil war and is still going on today. These two groups based their prejudice on religious beliefs. People from many different cultures founded our nation, which gives us a unique diversity that was and is not always respected. The Ku Klux Klan states they are based on Christianity and uses such symbols as the flaming cross. Burning the cross is supposed to represent â€Å"opposition to tyranny and obedience to God.† The KKK believes they are superior to all non-whites. The people responsible for the Salem witch-hunts feared and persecuted those whom didn’t share religious and personal beliefs. A way of testing your beliefs was being forced to recite the 10 commandments without falter. Ku Klux Klan often expressed their beliefs by putting burning crosses in non-white homes, setting homes and businesses on fire, and even hanging non-whites. In the same way, the witch-hunts would force those who were prosecuted to confess and incriminate, if not, they would be hung, burned, or in one case smashed to death. Both groups use Christianity against other people that differed from them. The KKK was an underground organization, and used robes and hoods to disguise themselves. Rarely did members become publicly known because they were denounced by majority of society. Public leaders such as, reverends and government officials conducted the Salem witch-hunts. The trials were often public events that were well attended by the general population. The Ku Klux Klan was not based on fear of non-whites, rather their own supremacy. While the witch-hunts feared those with different beliefs including what we would now consider, â€Å"mentally disabled.† What good are religious beliefs such as Christianity if they are twisted, warped, and used as an excuse for violence.

Organizational Performance Management Essay

Organizations across the board monitor performance in order to be profitable, and make their stakeholders happy, including healthcare organizations. The following paper will address similarities along with differences among three specific healthcare organizations; long-term care, VA hospitals, and community/public health systems. We will also discuss how each organization monitors performances, and how each organization achieves regulatory and accreditation compliance. Communication with leadership in order to align organizational goals, and compliance with regulations and development of risk and quality management systems will also be addressed. Long-term care, VA hospitals, and community/public health systems may be different in the patients that they treat, but overall they are fairly similar. The top priority of all three organizations is to care for their patients and stakeholders, and staff performance has to be top priority for the management team of any one of those three organizations. Long-term care usually requires more staff to care for the patients who are 65 or older, and in declining health therefore requiring a bigger management team usually consisting of a Director of Nursing, Assistant Director of Nursing, Registered Nurses, Licensed Practical Nurses, Certified Medication Aides, and Certified Nurse Assistants just for direct care to a patient. There is also the dietary department that makes meals for the patients, and if therapy is needed there are more people involved as well such as representatives for Medicare or Medicaid insurance since most elderly people are covered under one or both. Imagine having all of these people working for one patient, this is what happens in long-term care. Many people working as a unit to help individual patients. Most long-term care facilities are privately owned, and employ anywhere from a few people up to hundreds of people. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA System), operates the largest health care system in the United States, and employs nearly 15,000 doctors and 61,000 nurses as of 2012. With such a large amount of employees it can be extremely difficult for the VA to have proper organizational management, and this in turn leads to poor performance, and is the reason for many of the problems that the VA System faces today. Community/public health systems have one main goal, and that is to ensure the overall healthy of the community. This can include diagnosing and investigating health problems or hazards, informing the community of those hazards or problems, enforce laws and regulations, and help those with low/no income find health care that the individual can afford. So rather than being an actual organization that is caring for individuals like long-term care facilities, or the VA system, the community/public health systems tries to take more of a preventative approach to health care. Long-term care, VA Hospitals as well as Community Public Health systems will monitor performance by following different steps the organizations come up with. First and Foremost everyone would come to the initial meeting to where they will discuss the performance process and come up with a plan together as a team. It will also allow for the employees to be monitored, which will be able to be reviewed. They will be monitored on the work that each employee is putting out and how they are contributing to the team and the organization. During the meeting we will come up with a plan: the plan will allow us to go over the job descriptions to determine what needs to be done as an individual as well as a team. The second objective would be to monitor the work of the employees and employers to make sure that they are doing the necessary steps that need to be done. We will also identify and barriers in which are keeping the employees from accomplishing the performance objectives and help them to achieve or overcome them. After monitoring the employers and employees we will then go into review which allows us to sit down and discuss the overall work in which they put out. Self-assessment will be given to the employees and employers to which they can grade themselves and assess how they have been doing in the organization throughout the year and how they can better themselves in the future wh ile working at the organization. However, the organizations achieve regulatory and accreditation compliance of each organization will help each organization by making sure that they are in compliance with up to date information and laws to better serve the patients and staff. For instance it will offer different services like Awareness, Education and Organization, which helps to create the awareness, obtain executive management commitments. It will also offer Assessment and Risk Analysis, Training, documentation and ongoing monitoring. By making sure each employee receive  the necessary classes and training they will be successful in achieving the organizational performance in which is set by the organizational team. By improving the overall organizational performance different things can be done from appraising and rewarding the necessary employees that do go over and beyond for the organization. Also, by making sure everyone is doing the necessary jobs in which need to be done by following the plan in which is set regarding the organizations. Leadership is critical to any organization such as Long-term Care, VA Hospitals, and Community/Public Health Systems. Without the importance of leadership, there would not be success in any organizations. According to The Joint Commission, the quality and safety of care provided by the organizations depends on many factors such as: A culture that fosters safety and quality The planning and provision of services that meet the needs of patients The availability of resources such as: human, financial, physical, and information for providing care A sufficient number of competent staff and other care providers Ongoing evaluation and improvement of performances Accreditation is an assessment process for the organizations that defines standards of acceptable operations and performances. The standards that deal with the outcome and performance issues are considered to be the most important standards to promote the healthcare quality improvements. The â€Å"Longtermcare.gov† website states that long-term health care effects nearly 70% of people over the age of 65. With such a large portion of the population using this type of health care it is important that the risk and quality management systems that are put in place are in fact bettering the care these patients are received. Risk and quality management systems help to ensure that patients are taken care of and protected. Some ways that states are ensuring this protection is by screening and evaluations, risk assessments, communication, education and staff training (Selid & Galantowicz, 2005). The unfortunate reality is that long-term care facilities do not always follow the risk and quality management systems that are put in place. What is more unfortunate is that the population that is served by this type of health care often does not have the ability to do something about it. Public Health System Public health systems effects every American every day, according to the CDC public health systems are responsible for, â€Å"Preventing epidemics and the spread of disease, protecting against environmental hazards, preventing injuries, promotes and encourages healthy behaviors, responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery and assures the quality and accessibility of health services (â€Å"Center For Disease Control And Prevention†, 2014).† The Federal Government is responsible for providing goals, standards and policies for state and local public health systems (â€Å"Center For Disease Control And Prevention†, 2014). One of the biggest jobs that the public health systems have are vaccinations, and infectious disease surveillance (â€Å"Center For Disease Control And Prevention†, 2014). 92% of local health departments carry out these jobs on a daily basis (â€Å"Center For Disease Control And Prevention†, 2014). Compliance with the federal government’s policies means that local health systems gain funding that then helps to continue serving the public. Center for disease control and prevention. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/about/index.html Conclusion When organizations such as long-term care, the VA or public health systems look to improve their organization and make a better profit, they will look at past performance to see what should stay the same as well as what needs to be changed. Risk and quality management are also used to make the organization the best it can be. Although all three health care organizations main purpose is the health and wellbeing of patients they have many similarities as well as differences. The three organizations discussed are all ran by regulations and goals that help to shape the organization. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. Community health systems helps by providing families in the community of low income http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/overview/models-for-community-health-and-development/ten-essential-public-health-services/main References: JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) Joint Commission Standards. 2000. Retrieved from www.jcaho.org/standard/jcstandards.html Keeping the Right People (Performance Management) http://hrcouncil.ca/hr-toolkit/keeping-people-performance-management.cfm Kliff, S. (2012, November 12). Five facts about veterans’ health care. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/11/12/five-facts-about-veterans-health-care/ LongTermCare.gov. (). Retrieved from http://longtermcare.gov/the-basics/how-much-care-will-you-need/ Performance Management Organizational Performance Management (U.S. Office of Personnel Management) http://www.opm.gov/services-for-agencies/performance-management/organizational-performance-management/ Selid, B., & Galantowicz, S. (2005, February). Risk Management and Quality in HCBS: Individual Risk Planning and Prevention, System-Wide Quality Improvement. , (), . Tyler, D. A., PhD., & Parker, V. A., D.B.A. (2011). Staff teamwork in long-term care facilities. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 4(2), 135-146. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/19404921-20100706-01

Free Essays on Euclid

Euclid Euclid is a programming language trying to merge two different programming paradigms: (constraint) logic programming and algebraic manipulation packages. Its syntax is close to that of any CLP system but it offers many more mathematically oriented data structures and domains of computation than a standard CLP system. Among these data structures are reals, real intervals, real symbolic functions and vectors as well as user-defined structures containing domain constructs. The purpose of Euclid is to create system under which knowledge that uses mathematics can be easily represented (i.e. mathematical models in physics, economics or engineering). The system is intended mainly for problem solving; the main difference with standard CLP systems is that it prefers hard calculations to a great number of simple ones. Theoretically Euclid is an instance of the Domain Logic Programming Scheme, a multi-domain extension to constraint logic programming. Formal correctness and completeness can be proven in that scheme. A Euclid program is a collection of constraint clauses. Each constraint clause is a statement about the problem in hand. Constraint clauses have a standard form, which is based on the constraint normal form. Clauses do not offer the full expresionality of the logic but they offer easy computational manipulation. A constraint clause is a logical statement of the form: Head :- {C1,...,Cn},Body Where â€Å"Head† is an atom, â€Å"C1,...,Cn† are D-domain constraints and â€Å"Body† is a conjunction of atoms. A D-domain constraint is a relation defined on a specific domain (Euclid contains a number of different domains). Syntactically it is an atom with some restrictions on the terms it contains. Euclid code would appear something like this: 1 gravity_force_field(M,G,F):- 2 reals([M,G]), 3 formula(F), 4 F=(M*G)//X. 5 Object_dynamics(F,M,A):- 6 Formulae([F,A]), 7 Real(M), 8 (1/M)*F=A. Here the program is made of... Free Essays on Euclid Free Essays on Euclid Euclid Euclid is a programming language trying to merge two different programming paradigms: (constraint) logic programming and algebraic manipulation packages. Its syntax is close to that of any CLP system but it offers many more mathematically oriented data structures and domains of computation than a standard CLP system. Among these data structures are reals, real intervals, real symbolic functions and vectors as well as user-defined structures containing domain constructs. The purpose of Euclid is to create system under which knowledge that uses mathematics can be easily represented (i.e. mathematical models in physics, economics or engineering). The system is intended mainly for problem solving; the main difference with standard CLP systems is that it prefers hard calculations to a great number of simple ones. Theoretically Euclid is an instance of the Domain Logic Programming Scheme, a multi-domain extension to constraint logic programming. Formal correctness and completeness can be proven in that scheme. A Euclid program is a collection of constraint clauses. Each constraint clause is a statement about the problem in hand. Constraint clauses have a standard form, which is based on the constraint normal form. Clauses do not offer the full expresionality of the logic but they offer easy computational manipulation. A constraint clause is a logical statement of the form: Head :- {C1,...,Cn},Body Where â€Å"Head† is an atom, â€Å"C1,...,Cn† are D-domain constraints and â€Å"Body† is a conjunction of atoms. A D-domain constraint is a relation defined on a specific domain (Euclid contains a number of different domains). Syntactically it is an atom with some restrictions on the terms it contains. Euclid code would appear something like this: 1 gravity_force_field(M,G,F):- 2 reals([M,G]), 3 formula(F), 4 F=(M*G)//X. 5 Object_dynamics(F,M,A):- 6 Formulae([F,A]), 7 Real(M), 8 (1/M)*F=A. Here the program is made of...

Free Essays on Piper

The organizational structure of Piper has changed throughout the company’s years of business due to the relocation of centers and changing of owners. Piper expanded prior to the 1970’s and had multiple locations throughout the United States. At Piper’s headquarters, the hierarchical or pyramid structure was used while it was more rectangular at the other centers. In the late 1970’s to the early 1980’s, Piper opted to retract to one main location in Vero Beach, Florida. While at this location, the organization kept a more rectangular shape. Not having established positions of leadership and authority, the rectangular organizational structure led to problems with organization and production. The company was losing money and though that downsizing would help reduce their expenses. Piper was down to just 45 employees before hitting rock bottom and filing for bankruptcy in the mid 1990’s. However, Piper’s owner sold the company and the new owner restructured the company’s organization back to the pyramid shape. Their strategic managers, the CEO and President, were at the top followed by the Vice Presidents and the head managers of the company’s departments. Piper’s departments include marketing, parts, human resources, research and development, manufacturing, and customer service. Following the managers of those departments in the pyramid were the managers of the individual cells. Under the new ownership, the company has grown to a still small employee base of 1000. The new owner also made communication between the employees and managers of the company much easier. All managers have an open door policy. Improved communication and organizational structure has served Piper well and the company’s business is now booming. The organizational structure of a company has a direct correlation of how the company assigns tasks when completing a project. The main departments, research and development, parts, and m... Free Essays on Piper Free Essays on Piper The organizational structure of Piper has changed throughout the company’s years of business due to the relocation of centers and changing of owners. Piper expanded prior to the 1970’s and had multiple locations throughout the United States. At Piper’s headquarters, the hierarchical or pyramid structure was used while it was more rectangular at the other centers. In the late 1970’s to the early 1980’s, Piper opted to retract to one main location in Vero Beach, Florida. While at this location, the organization kept a more rectangular shape. Not having established positions of leadership and authority, the rectangular organizational structure led to problems with organization and production. The company was losing money and though that downsizing would help reduce their expenses. Piper was down to just 45 employees before hitting rock bottom and filing for bankruptcy in the mid 1990’s. However, Piper’s owner sold the company and the new owner restructured the company’s organization back to the pyramid shape. Their strategic managers, the CEO and President, were at the top followed by the Vice Presidents and the head managers of the company’s departments. Piper’s departments include marketing, parts, human resources, research and development, manufacturing, and customer service. Following the managers of those departments in the pyramid were the managers of the individual cells. Under the new ownership, the company has grown to a still small employee base of 1000. The new owner also made communication between the employees and managers of the company much easier. All managers have an open door policy. Improved communication and organizational structure has served Piper well and the company’s business is now booming. The organizational structure of a company has a direct correlation of how the company assigns tasks when completing a project. The main departments, research and development, parts, and m...

What ideas about gender and sexuality are communicated by contemporary Essay

What ideas about gender and sexuality are communicated by contemporary fashion images - Essay Example (Pleck, 1981) This is the point where ideas about fashion depict society’s gender relations. These ideas will be examined in detail in the subsequent portions the essay. Brod (1995) asserts that in the past, masculinity was clearly defined in the workplace. In the twentieth Century, most men were considered as breadwinners and women were expected to be home makers. However, industrialisation changed this as work became more mechanised. Men were not the only ones who could provide labour. With time, more and more women began penetrating into positions that were previously considered masculine. They started doing clerical jobs and others even took over as the main providers in their families. Eventually, what was considered a male domain had now been changed/. Many philosophers have suggested that this is the source of gender struggles that have been become a common feature in today’s society. Kimmel (1996) explains that the shift in masculinity has created unclear images about the male gender. For instance, one may expect men to show elements of their emotions yet at the same time claim that there should be strong and heroic. Men who may not depict these types of behaviour may be considered a socially deviant. This gender crisis has been depicted in fashion images. Before the crisis, fashion images mostly focused on women as objects of consumption while men on the other hand were objects of production. Most fashion items concentrated on women as their most important clients. However, with the introduction of technology, there was a shift from that point of view. Men were now considered as important consumers. Marketing plans and depictions also depicted masculine fashion items. Perhaps the most outstanding aspect of the corporate world can be seen in the ‘suit’. The male suit is box in shape and creates a regular shape of any wearer hence hiding some of the natural curves associated with individuals.

Hnd Computing And Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hnd Computing And Software Engineering - Essay Example If we are to analyze the elements stated above should be followed and must be present in order to do these things. First, one must have to plan the necessary movements and execution of it for it is the backbone of the task. Included in this task is the ocular of the place including surveying of the place, determining the available resources such as the electricity, nearest Internet service provider, the place where satellites and cables should be installed are among those things that should be given enough attention. In this case, problems definitely would arise and it is a common saying that in every problem, there is a solution. However, one cannot solve the problem if it is not analyzed and classified whether it is a well-defined or ill-defined one. To be able to know the differences of these two, it is necessary to define them. Ill-defined problems are those that are hard to define and most of the times they do contain things and elements that are hard to describe. In the same thing, most of experts and analysts agree that many important problems are ill-defined. On the other hand, the website http://www.si.umich.edu/SI502/slides/lecture11/tsld012.htm (2006) stated that well defined problems can be known as such "if initial conditions, solution, and methods can all be described." These things are best illustrated by mathematical problems, jigsaw puzzles and the likes. The same thing in this kind of problem, there is only a certain solution which one can easily track and preempt the outcome of the problem. By knowing these two types of problems, the shortcomings and other related troubles would be known and would be given solutions. Going back to the focal point, in the first problem wherein installation of internet network is required to three branches of the institute, the recognition as to whether it is a well or ill-defined problem is vital. If we are to analyze, problems that may be included in the well defined are the likes of the number of computer needed to be fielded in a certain branch, the type of internet service provider, the required number of memories that each of the computer set needs, the strategic location where the computer sets should be placed and the number of manpower needed for the installation and maintenance of the aforementioned gadgets are among those things that should be considered in this category. HND COMPUTING AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 3 In the ill-defined problems, the dilemma regarding what virus might struck in the computer sets, the capability of the manpower to execute the demand, the uniformity of performance of the computer sets in the three branches and other related problems are among those that are to be included in this kind of problem. The next thing after determining the problems is the execution of things that are to be done in order to have solutions in these things. For example in the well defined category, in determining the number of computer sets that are to be fielded in every branches, the size of the location of each branches is vital and is a big factor in order to know if how many computer sets would fit in the location without sacrificing the quality of the performance of the computer and the comfort of those who are using the facility. The determination of the internet-service providers

Facebook and the Case for Editing Oneself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Facebook and the Case for Editing Oneself - Essay Example I really liked this person I met at a party, who I would just call Alex. I and a friend of mine freely talked about him on my Facebook timeline. I was quite confident because he was not on my friend's list. The next day, I was surprised when I got a call from Alex because, apparently, he learned about the conversation because he was a friend of a Facebook friend, so he had access to my profile. First, it was embarrassing second, it was disastrous because he turned out to be obnoxious and would post in my timeline rude things. I have to delete my profile and not use Facebook for a month.Sethi cited the problem that many users experience with social media: Facebook is accessible almost to anyone. Sometimes we post things that are intended for friends. But then, our Facebook "friends" and our social network are not all composed of friends but other groups such as family, colleagues, future employees, future partners, and so forth. So it is incredibly difficult, to be honest, and post ju st about everything that transpires in our lives because each of these has different standards of propriety. Sethi pointed out, for instance, that she is careful not to post anything such as short haircuts and other things that might be offensive to her conservative family living in Thailand. It is important to note that the data stored on Facebook could be accessed regardless of location and also time. We post pictures or messages that seem alright today but the case might not be true in the future.

Address the simulation Essay Example for Free

Address the simulation Essay Reflecting on one event that created a disruption in my ability to address the simulation was the lack of time towards planning and setting goals related to the facilitation of the given objective. Though the inputs were given ahead of time, there were many technicalities that need to be communicated with the designers and some clarifications concerning the different standards and rules concerning implementation. Such exchanges of correspondence caused a delay in the value of ascertaining the appropriate strategy necessary towards its actual implementation and facilitation. Due to this, it brought about a disruption and limited capacity to effectively carry out the presentation. Analyzing its impact it had on our sector, clearly this lack of time pressured people to work extra harder and longer for the presentation to be completed. Since we are way past the target deadline for specific objectives, we had to rush and create sub-par to average results in each step. In essence, we had to rely on our individual and group capacities in order to effectively generate the expectations accordingly. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay Similarly, it also hindered our functions and efficiency due to the fact that we had to skip or pass through different stages faster than what is expected. At the same time, this disruption also provided a delay in the determination of the feasibility of the application/presentation towards Centerville. Since the project was given in our sector for careful study and analysis, we were given specific time frame and purpose in administering the appropriate expectations. Seeing this, this situation not only brought delay in our abilities but also infused limited value in the contribution of our sector. Such aspect then became crucial in ascertaining what elements are then necessary in order for this problem to be alleviated in prevented in the future instances to come. Discussion 9 Here, the conflict that occurred between the administrator and employee concerning an issue concerning the application of norms and business culture. On one hand, the administrator argues that it should be implemented because it helps carry out effectiveness and increased productivity. However, the employee contradicts this by saying it may prove to be destructive to the company’s image and would likely put them into trouble. Seeing this, the administrator vouched the case into higher authorities for immediate action. It resulted towards higher management favoring the employee. Due to this, the administrator sought to get even by using coercive actions and abuses towards the employee. Analyzing this case, it can be seen that the function and application actions provided by the administrator must have been cultivated by the decision of the upper management to support the argument of the employee. In my opinion, the mindset of the administrator has always been to improve on his tasks and responsibilities accordingly. By accepting these areas accordingly, it can help consolidate better and efficient process. Such actions are only responses towards finding means to induce appropriate tasks and delegate them to employees accordingly (Clawson, 2008). However, due to the inclination towards the employee, the administrator felt belittled and illustrated actions against ethical considerations. At the same time, the same process can also be seen in his capacity to act and react according to his VABE. Here, it contradicts his original responsibility and task of not exercising coercive and abusive actions related to his position. However, due to this inability to be recognized accordingly, he results to such harsh actions because he continues to believe in his arguments as effective. On the other hand, regardless of his original intentions and the outcome of his actions, the manner in which his VABE is applied remains to be destructive and limits his opportunity to become an effective leader (Northouse, 2008). This then creates a shift of values stimulated by one’s personal emotions and perceptions over an issue. Seeing this, the actions of the administrator limit his credibility as a leader because of his capacity to exercise decisions based on his personal interests and feelings. Rather than appealing and using formalized communication, he results to dirty tactics and abuses his power over the employee. Such dynamics then illustrate his limited capacity to address the issue effectively and hamper the relationship not only with the particular employee but to others as well. This then becomes a constraint in outlining appropriate means towards exercising competency not only in his responsibilities but also his capacity to overcome such dilemmas. Discussion 10 Analyzing the implementation of policy and development within our organization, it can be seen that there are formalized processes that allow divisions and managers to actively decipher what are the essential directions and objectives that the company should follow. Again, these amendments and inclusion of rules coincide with the goals, directions, and objectives by the company towards their employees and the workforce. In essence, the development process correlates with the active leadership and style expressed by an individual relatively affects the manner on how rules are implemented and developed accordingly (Kouzes, 2007). Similarly, in terms of defining new ground rules and aspects related to introduction of new policies, there is a corresponding process from its initial introduction towards its implementation within a specific division or to whole of the company. Such dynamics in turn provide appropriate means to correlate and integrate the value of communication (formal) between managers – subordinates and vice versa. Such dynamics then provide better means for careful analysis and study while at the same time makes leaders responsible in ensuring that ethical considerations and operational patterns are addressed efficiently (Clawson, 2008). Given that our organization has specific evaluation process for the validity of expressing options for policy development and change, it can be argued that this remains to be formalized and undergoes specific steps in order to be addressed and looked into. In particular, it tries to designate specific precepts and policies related to the feasibility of the process and how it can be applied to a particular department or division. Though informal means of evaluation are provided such as suggestion and opinions, it does not hamper and impact the decision making among leaders. Rather, these inputs are consolidated and taken into consideration when the process of utilizing its effectiveness within a particular field is sought. References Clawson, J. G. (2008). Level three leadership: Getting below the surface (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Northouse, P. G. (2008). Introduction to leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing Kouzes, J. , Posner, B. (2007). The leadership challenge (4rded. ). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.